The discovery of cytokinins and its physiological function

Cytokinins are a class of plant hormones with adenine ring structure. The common feature is in the sixth position of adenine ring has a specific substituent. Their physiological functions prominently performance in promoting cell division and induce bud formation.

In 1948 U.S. Skog and China Cui Cheng found adenine in tobacco tissue cultures can induce tobacco pith tissue differentiation and budding. In 1955 Miller in the degradation product of yeast DNA and herring sperm’s DNA purified from a substance can promote cell division, known as kinetin, its chemical structure is furan methyl adenine, also known as furfuryl gland purine. In 1963 Latham from the 11-16 days fertilized corn seeds isolated the first one natural cytokinin exist in the higher plants, and named zeatin. Currently had been get several adenine derivatives from the higher plants, such as dihydro zeatin, zeatin riboside and isopentenyl adenine. Now there are a variety of synthetic similarly materials, such as benzyl adenine, tetrahydropyranyl benzyl adenine. They are known as cytokinin.

Root meristem (apical) synthesize cytokinin is the most active, long-range transport through the xylem from the root to the stem. Leaves, buds, young fruit and developing seeds can be formed cytokinin, zeatin is the first obtained from the maize immature seeds. Cytokinin can produce by transfer RNA cleavage, also can through medroxyprogesterone valerate and adenine as a precursor synthesis.

As a plant growth regulator, cytokinin has a variety of physiological effects. Its physiological effects were as follows: firstly, promote cell division, cytokinins main physiological function is to promote cell division. Auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins have the effect of promoting cell division, but each of them has different role. Auxin is only promoting nuclear division, which has nothing to do with the division of the cytoplasm. The cytokinin was mainly worked on the cytoplasmic division. Second, promote buds division. Promote bud differentiation is one of the important physiological effects of cytokinin, some emperor detached leaves treated with cytokinin, the leaf margins basal veins can produce buds. Third, promote cell expansion. Cytokinins can promote some of dicotyledonous plants such as beans, radish expanding cotyledon or leaf discs, mainly because such expansion promotes cell lateral thickening. Fourth, promote lateral bud developing, eliminating the top edge. Cells can release the apical dominance caused by growth hormone, promote lateral bud growth and development. Such as pea sprouts dropped cytokinin solution in leaf axils part, buds can grow and develop. Fifth, delay leaf aging. If partially coated with cytokinin in detached leaves, the remaining parts of the leaves yellowing and aging, smear kinetin parts remain bright green. Due to the cytokinin have the effect of remaining green and anti-aging, so it can be used to deal with fresh fruit and flowers to remain fresh and green, prevent fruit drop. For example, with cytokinin to treat young citrus fruit can significantly prevent fruit drop, and overstriking stems, dark green fruit, compared with the control group, the fruit also significantly increased. Break seed dormancy. Need light seeds, such as lettuce and tobacco could not germinate in the dark, use cytokinin can instead of light to break the dormancy of this seed, promote germinating.

Source:http://www.cospcn.com

Astaxanthin in Asian market

Despite of there are a few of astaxanthin suppliers, but the world’s market competitiveness is still very large. It is understood that some astaxanthin production companies in India have quit the market. Many India companies are being enormous challenged in cost control, seaweed cultivation technology, product quality stability and so on, so that India companies abandon producing astaxanthin ingredient. In the handful of Chinese astaxanthin production enterprises, is also increasingly feel the competitive increase, therefore, Chinese customary astaxanthin market strategy is to lower prices, to gain more potential clients. It is understood that some astaxanthin manufacturers in China in order to ease tight profit margins, have begun to launch cosmetic materials and capsule healthcare products. Strive to obtain considerable returns in the downstream market. On the one hand, astaxanthin is a new resource food, on the other hand is to control synthetic astaxanthin. About the application of astaxanthin, mainstream food products are mainly used oil and powder as feed additives. Currently, the market quotations of 1.5% astaxanthin are various, mainly at the range of 820RMB/kg to 960RMB/kg, the market prices of 2% astaxanthin is in the range of 1050-1500, and the market price of 5% astaxanthin oil is maintaining at 12,000RMB/kg.

Astaxanthin is mainly extracted from the waste of aquatic product processing industry, every year there are about 10 million tons of waste crustacean seafood. It was reported that the United States using polymerization agent extract astaxanthin, astaxanthin acid and astacin from prawn waste acid pigment, these substances may exist in the form of free-stuff or in conjunction with proteins, lipids, total extraction rate is more than 90% of the vitamin E capsules. In recent years, Norway fishery industrial use the technology of ensiling method to treat the waste, through the silage treating, the astaxanthin recovery rate increase 10 times, the purity is also greatly improved. Animal feeding experiments show that the waste treated by silage technology used in feeding red wanted fish, the astaxanthin’s digestibility and cumulative percentage in the muscles has great improved.

An unique single-cell green algae -- Haematoccocus pluvialis is recognized as the most significant organ in nature which can synthesize and accumulated astaxanthin, its astaxanthin content is generally 1%-2%. Haematococcus pluvialis algae powder in Japan, Canada, United States and some European countries have been approved as the natural pigment of the salmon and trout feed add ingredients, and clearly defined that haematococcus pluvialis can be used as the supplement of food ingredients. It is well known that natural astaxanthin in Japan is more successful, there are only seven companies in the world can successful by breeding haematococcus pluvialis to get natural astaxanthin, China, Japan, Israel, United States and India, and other places. According to the survey, astaxanthin’s market demand is also growing rapidly in the far East market, particularly in Thailand, Malaysia, India and Korea.

Astaxanthin is $300 million a year in the international market. In 2001, the world's salmon and trout production will reach 1 million tons, valued at $3.75 billion. With the development of high-grade aquatic products breeding industry in China, China will become the red algae-consuming large country, have a potentially huge market. Red algae spores on the international market (containing 2% astaxanthin) sold for $50/kg, produce every per kg red algae spores can profit more than 200 Yuan.

Source:http://www.cosprm.com

Chinese new health amino acids to be developed

At present, China has become the world's largest amino acid bulk drugs sale country and exporting country, basically all of the 21 amino acids bulk drugs can be produced in Chinese enterprises. Annual output millions of tons of amino acids, including glutamic acid, methionine and lysine account for about 90% of the total production of bulk drugs of all amino acids. Compared with developed countries, Chinese deep development of the amino acids downstream product market is lagging behind. Especially in disease prevention health amino acid product, the development is relatively backward, such products in the Chinese market is very few, the annual sales of U.S. Department of health and amino acid products up to hundreds of millions of dollars.

As we all know, tea has refreshing and lowering blood pressure, weight loss and other effects, but people may not know that tea also has a sedative effect. The mysterious substance that has sedative effect in tea is actually a natural amino acid, namely the L-theanine. Japanese scholars reported, theanine into the human digestive tract will be automatically converted into GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid) in the brain, while the latter can play an effect of enhancing alpha brain waves, so this natural amino acid theanine has a strong sedation. The researchers found that children with ADHD taking theanine capsules can sit down quietly and read a book. Insomnia after taking antipsychotic drugs, in addition to take 2 theanine capsules can fall asleep faster. It is understood that China has theanine bulk drugs production, but so far there is no theanine type of health products selling.

Restore glutathione (GSH) is the reduced form of naturally amino acid glutathione. The study noted that glutathione has an extremely wide range of physiological activity effect. It is the most important natural amino acid products to protect human health. The most important role of glutathione is the antioxidant effect. If the number of body synthesize glutathione is too small will induce a variety of diseases, especially cataracts (caused by large number of eye lens cells oxidized death). Japanese glutathione manufacturers had developed restore glutathione eye drops in over 20 years ago, mainly for the prevention and treatment of cataract. In recent years, researchers found that glutathione also has the role of helping the body eliminate toxins and carcinogens.

Human hair contains large amounts of L-cystine, after acid hydrolysis, a cystine molecule becomes two cysteines. L-cysteine ​​is an important component of stratum corneum cells as well as hair, nails and other body organs and tissues. Insufficient cysteine number ​​in the body can cause hair turn yellow, scorched or even fall off. The skin will become slack due to lack cysteine. Cosmetic raw material suppliers refer the L- cysteine ​​as “Beauty amino acid”.

Tyrosine was named by first extracted from the cheese. Recent studies found that: tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid, but once the body lack of adequate tyrosine will induce a variety of neurological diseases, because tyrosine is an important brain nutrient, it is several neurotransmitters’ precursors. Of which including dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine three kinds of important neurotransmitters. Physiologists study found that there are at least 13 kinds of neurotransmitters in human brain, if lack the neurotransmitter will induce a variety of symptoms, such as memory loss, learning difficulties, sleep disorders, menopause syndrome, depression, anxiety disorders, parkinson's disease, weight gain, and so on. Now has been found several amino acids, if the body secreted less will appear above symptoms, so that added these critical amino acids can prevent or control the neurological symptoms appearing.

Source:http://www.cosprm.com

Application research progress of spinosad

At present, spinosad products were widely used on cotton, fruits and vegetables, tea, tobacco, herbs, grain and other crops, the United States since 2004 was approved it registered for mosquito control. Although it has not been approved for registration on storage pests, livestock parasites and other pests’ prevention and treatment, but there are a large number of research reports about spinosad applied to these areas above.

Spinosad has better control effect on lepidoptera, diptera, thysanoptera, coleopteran and other pest, especially have high insecticidal activity on the larvae of lepidopteran pest resistance. And the activity of this drug against lepidopteran larvae is significantly higher than various organophosphorus, carbamate, cyclopentadiene insecticides, equal to pyrethroid.

Researchers use meilingmycin, spinosad, liuyangmycin, avermectin four antibiotics to conduct efficacy trials on diamondback moth, the results show that spinosad (2.5% suspension concentrate) on 2-4 instar larvae of diamondback moth have a better insecticidal effect. The spinosad no ovicidal activity, but use spinosad to control diamondback moth eggs, to the newly hatched larvae have a high killing effect. Studies have shown that spinosad control resistant cotton bollworm, especially on older larvae has significant effect, the lasting period is up to 8 to 10 days, the protecting bud effect is obviously. Other studies have found that spinosad (2.5% spinosad) also has good control effect on rice stem borer and rice planthopper; to spodoptera and diamondback moth has good control effect. Except lepidoptera, spinosad also has good insecticidal activity on the thysanoptera purpose western flower thrips, the diptera western cherry fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, South American fruit fly and the onion maggot, Acarina carmine spider mites and so on.

Storage pests make harvested crops, inventory goods, books archives suffered heavy losses, for a long time, the chemical pesticides which used to control storage pests have phosphate cyanide, sulfuryl fluoride and other high toxic or high residue pesticides, these pesticide varieties not only makes the pest easy to produce drug resistance, but also prone to pose a threat to human health because of residue problems. People are looking for the efficient, low toxicity, low-residue pesticides to replace them to control storage pests, biological pesticides because of low toxicity, low-residue characteristics were given high hopes. Studies have shown that spinosad can better control indian meal moth, tribolium castaneum, lesser grain borer, rust red flat flour beetle, rice weevil and the Valley saw Pirates, and according to the different pest species, the activity on these stored grain pests is different. Spinosad also can effectively prevent and treat addicted worm gnawing insects book lice, the addicted to bostrychophila, colorless book lice and so on. Studies have shown that spinosad can control a major pest of tobacco borer during storage pink in tobacco finished, and lasting effect, can maintain tobacco finished in the entire storage period largely unaffected by pests.

Mosquitoes, flies and other pests is a media of a variety of infectious diseases, seriously affect human life and physical health. The prevention and control of mosquitoes and flies are mainly used the chemical control for a long time, the control pesticide from the initial organophosphate and carbamate to the current pyrethroid, although the toxicity of the drug continue to reduce, but the resistance problem is more seriously. Spinosad due to its unique mechanism of action, combined with the characteristics of uneasy to produce cross-resistance with other types pesticides, make it catch more attention on the hygiene pests control.

Livestock parasites have a certain impact on the yield and quality of livestock products, and its possible to through livestock products spread harmful bacteria. The medicine used in the prevention and treatment of livestock parasites are required to with low toxicity, readily biodegradable and other characteristics, in order to reduce damage to the livestock. Studies have shown that spinosad to the sheep Lucilia that caused sheep myiasis have good control effect. Studies about spinosad controlling livestock parasite is reported relatively less, but spinosad’s excellent features will undoubtedly have a greater application prospects in the field.

Source:http://www.cospcn.com

Various effects of vitamin B7

A member of B vitamins family is unknown, very humble, and even have been ignored by a lot of people, but it also has its own unique value, is also an integral part of the human body, this is the vitamin B7, also known as biotin, vitamin H or coenzyme R, is a water-soluble B vitamins. According to biotin supplier, it widely present in low concentrations in most animal and plant’s tissues, such as milk, egg yolk, lean meat, animal liver and kidney as well as strawberries, mushrooms, grapefruit and grapes and other fruits, as well as brown rice, beer, yeast and wheat.

Vitamin B7 participates in gluconeogenesis, fatty acids combined effects and certain amino acids metabolism, etc, can through energy production and conversion to produce some certain proteins synthesized; and to assist the health and reproduction of cells, improve the body's immune function; helps the absorption and metabolism of B vitamins’ other members and vitamin C; also involved in vitamin B12, folic acid and pantothenic acid metabolism; promote sweat glands, nerve tissue, bone marrow and male gonads health; maintain the normal function of the skin and hair, reduce the symptoms of eczema, dermatitis; ease muscle pain; can ease depression, insomnia; promote urea synthesis and excretion. It also can assist treating arteriosclerosis, stroke, lipid metabolism disorder, hypertension, coronary heart disease and blood circulation disorders disease.

In addition, it can also improve islet function of diabetes patients, regulating the secretion of insulin to control blood sugar levels, and can reduce the incidence of diabetic nerve damage and skin damage. Vitamin B7 has broad role and application. Fixes the weak burst toenails and fingernails, improve the health of hair, prevent juvenile white hair, gray hair. Can keep the skin whitening, bright and clean, is an essential drug for the treatment of certain skin conditions (such as cradle cap). Have the function of preventing skin diseases, promoting lipid metabolism and other physiological, is conducive to the health and regeneration of cells, can effectively help the metabolism of dieters, remove more fat. In food Industry, vitamin B7 as nutritional supplements, can be used as processing aids for the food industry. Used in cosmetic raw material can improve the running speed of blood circulation in the skin blood vessels, in the concentration range of 0.1% to 1.0 %, easy to mix with the oil in the recipe.

The role of vitamin B7 is wide, so the illnesses of lacking is related to multiple aspects, but most of them are skin symptoms, the hair will be thinning, dull, juvenile white hair, dry skin, dull skin and face pale, easy to suffer kinds of dermatitis, such as scaly dermatitis, red rash, severe rash can extend to around the eyes, nose and mouth; baby can occur seborrheic dermatitis. Digestive system may have loss appetite, nausea, vomiting, tongue atrophy and mucosal grayed and so on; in neuropsychiatric aspects, prone to cause depression, fatigue, insomnia and doze; as well as numbness, muscle pain, fatigue, anemia and brain power figure abnormal.

Vitamin B7 is a water-soluble vitamin, compared with fat-soluble vitamins is more sensitive, can be easily destroyed and decomposed by heat, light and other substances; also hard to stored in the body. Adults recommended daily intake of 50 to 200 micrograms. Due to vitamin B7 was just stay in the human body for 3 to 6 hours, so it must adhere to supply everyday. For some diseases caused by the vitamin B7 serious deficiency, can inject 2 to 5 mg of vitamin B7. While supplying vitamin B7, you need to stay away from raw protein, sulfa drugs class, certain hormones (such as estrogen), food processing and alcohol, etc.

Source:http://www.cosprm.com

The important role of glutathione

Glutathione is a tripeptide compound composed by the amino acid, glutamic acid (glutamate) and cysteine ​​three amino acids. Dietary glutathione is found in fruits, vegetables, especially asparagus, avocados, walnuts, fish and meat.

Glutathione is called "antioxidants master", can help the body cells against oxidative damage, achieve the anti-aging purposes, is a common cosmetic raw material, in addition to its own effective antioxidant, it can also promote recycling use of other oxidants such as vitamin C and vitamin E. Thus, glutathione can contribute to prevent cancer and other diseases caused by oxidative damage. Glutathione also plays an important role in regulating immune cells, it is an effective antidote. Low levels of glutathione are related to hepatic dysfunction, immune system dysfunction, heart disease and premature aging. Glutathione is very important in the synthesis of DNA synthesis and repair, the synthesis of protein and prostate, amino acid transport. Several studies show that glutathione has anti-viral effect. The study found that glutathione can inhibit the activation of the AIDS virus, so that it’s benefit to AIDS carriers and patients.

Glutathione has not known deficiency symptoms, but some medical diseases - such as diabetes, low sperm count and hepatopathy are related to glutathione lacking. Heavy smokers are with lower glutathione levels in body, it is because certain chemicals in tobacco will increase the utilization of the human glutathione.

Daily therapeutic dose: the crowd had been confirmed that lack of glutathione should seek medical treatment, may be need intravenous or intramuscular injection. Glutathione supplier suggests that oral glutathione is not the best way to improve blood glutathione levels. One study found that healthy people taking 500 milligrams of vitamin C every day, after two weeks, the glutathione levels in the blood increased by 50%. Other nutritional compounds can promote glutathione levels include: alpha lipoic acid, glutamate, methionine, adenosylmethionine sulfide and whey protein.

Glutathione is a mercapto group-containing small molecule peptide, with important antioxidant role and integration detoxification effect. Glutathione is a tripeptide combined by glutamic acid, cysteine ​​and glycine, the mercapto group on the cysteine is ​​its reactive groups (so that glutathione often abbreviated as G-SH), easy to combine with iodoacetic acid, mustard gas (a gas), lead, mercury, arsenic and other heavy metal salt, thus have the integration detoxification effect. Glutathione (especially the liver cells’ glutathione) have a very important physiological role, that is integrate detoxification, can bind with certain drugs (such as paracetamol), toxins (such as free radicals, heavy metals) and so on, involved in biological transformation role, so that translate the body’s harmful poisons into harmless substances, excrete out of the body.

Glutathione also has reduction form (G-SH) and oxidized form (G-S-S-G) form two kinds, under physiological conditions, the reduced glutathione occupied the majority. Glutathione reductase catalyzes the interconversion between the two types. The coenzyme of this enzyme is the NADPH supplied by sugar phosphate metabolism.

Source:http://www.cosprm.com

Application of abamectin series drugs

In China, abamectin and ivermectin formulation mainly have powders, premixes, capsules, tablets and injections. Recently also developed oral liquid, paste, pouring agent and ointment, but the market application surface is not large. Various formulations have advantages and disadvantages, should be according to the different animal object to apply. In bioavailability, the injection agent is the best, followed by is the pouring agent, again is oral liquid.

At present, in the animal health products market, abamectin and ivermectin have very widespread popularization and application. In drive mites and external parasites drugs, abamectin and ivermectin is the most widely used drug, and the amount is still expanding. With the production technology continues to progress, ivermectin prices will continue to fall, in China, ivermectin will be increasingly replaced abamectin.

The application of abamectin and ivermectin is a big step forward in the breeding technology, is a major contribution of antibiotics on livestock. However, in the process of using abamectin, many users reflected that the effect is not good, even show up poisoning, especially the reflections about the unstablity of using abamectin is more prominent. After investigation and analysis, the researchers think that the cause of these results with the following reasons.

First, the chemical structure of abamectin is inherently instability, susceptible to be oxidized and reduce the activity. This activity decay process can occur in the drug raw material, tablets, powders, premixes and capsules and so on. Secondly, due to the abamectin is a group of compounds, constituent and molecular structure are more complex, if the quality control measures in the production process can not be fully in place, the quality of drugs produced will be severely affected. Third, some abamectin manufacturers use the Afo bacterials mycelium without further purification refined or crude extract as abamectin to sale. This is not only can not play the efficacy, but also likely to cause livestock poisoning and even death. Fourth, different manufacturers produce abamectin and ivermectin injection solvents and accessories (such as co-solvent, antioxidant, analgesic, etc.) is different, make the efficacy discrepancy. Fifth, abamectin and ivermectin have good effect to kill the adult insects, but the efficacy on larvae and eggs is poor or even no efficacy, if oral medication is not continuous or repeated drug use will result in the larvae and insects egg stage parasites develop into adults cause repeated infections. Sixth, did not cooperate with the hogpen cleaning and disinfection measures while deworming with drugs, causing ova and parasites repeated infections in the environment.

For the above, while buying abamectin and ivermectin should note the followings: choose high degree credibility well-known abamectin supplier, so the quality is reliable. Don’t buy the commodity preparations made ​​from mycelium or crude extracts. Qualified abamectin and ivermectin oral preparations are not gray and black, tasteless. If the powder or tablets is black or gray, unpleasant odor is lead to mycelium or crude extracts, can not be purchased to use. In the case of the conditions permit, as far as possible to choose ivermectin preparations, do not use abamectin. As far as possible to choose a relatively new product in the production batch, especially using the abamectin. Ensure adequate dose and duration of drug effect, if necessary, repeated drug use. According to the rearing conditions and different livestock breeds choose the appropriate dosage forms, in the case of operating conditions permit, as far as possible to choose injections. Pay attention to the cleaning and disinfection of environmental health while medicating, to kill the parasite eggs in the environment.

Source:http://www.cospcn.com